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1 Virginia Colony
истВирджинская колония, (традиционно Виргинская колония)Первая английская колония в Северной Америке. Названа в честь английской "королевы-девственницы" ["Virgin Queen"] Елизаветы I. Колония была создана в местах традиционного проживания племен поухатан [ Powhatan], чероки [ Cherokee], саскуэханна [ Susquehanna] и др. Попытки создания колонии были впервые предприняты испанцами в 1570, когда они создали недолго просуществовавшую миссию на р. Йорк [York River]. В 1584 Уолтер Роли по приказу Елизаветы I предпринял экспедицию, которая создала на о. Роанок [ Roanoke Island] колонию, которой суждено было стать "исчезнувшей" [Roanoke Colony, Lost Colony]. 20 декабря 1606 группа поселенцев численностью 143 человека под предводительством Дж. Смита [ Smith, John] отправилась в будущую колонию на трех судах Лондонской компании [Virginia Company of London, London Company]. Высадившись 26 апреля 1607, они основали поселение Джеймстаун [ Jamestown], с которого началось развитие колонии. Из первых 105 колонистов 73 умерли от голода и болезней за первые 7 месяцев. Однако колония выжила. В 1610 ее укрепил губернатор барон де Лавэрр [ De La Warr, Thomas West, Baron], а в 1612 по инициативе Дж. Ролфа [ Rolfe, John] поселенцы стали выращивать табак и вывозить его в Англию; тогда же в колонии стали использовать труд африканских рабов. Периодически возникавшие с индейцами конфликты были временно погашены браком Ролфа с дочерью вождя Поухатана [ Powhatan I] Покахонтас [ Pocahontas] (1614), но уже в 1622 в результате неожиданного нападения на колонию индейцев погибли 347 поселенцев. В 1619 Джеймстаун стал местом проведения заседания законодательного органа колоний - Палаты горожан [House of Burgesses] и до 1698 был столицей Вирджинии, а после пожара столица была перенесена в Уильямсбург [Colonial Williamsburg, Williamsburg]. К 1635 численность населения в колонии, перешедшей в 1624 в ведение короны [royal colony, Royal Colony of Virginia], составляла около 5 тыс. человек. 1676 ознаменовался восстанием под предводительством плантатора Бэкона [ Bacon's Rebellion]. В начале XVIII в. под руководством губернатора А. Спотсвуда [ Spotswood, Alexander] началось интенсивное освоение Пидмонта [ Piedmont Plateau], территориальное расширение колонии к середине века стало одной из причин Войны с французами и индейцами [ French and Indian War] (1754-63). Несмотря на победу Англии, Вирджиния фактически не получила земель на западе (их освоение было ограничено Прокламацией 1763 [ Proclamation of 1763]). Напряжение в отношениях колонии и метрополии возросло после принятие Закона о гербовом сборе [ Stamp Act] и законов Тауншенда [ Townshend Acts]. После Бостонского чаепития [ Boston Tea Party] (1773) губернатор лорд Данмор [ Dunmore, John Murray] распустил Палату горожан, боясь ее превращения в форум недовольных граждан. Тогда законодатели собрались в таверне Роли [Raleigh Tavern] в Уильямсберге и призвали созвать съезд представителей всех колоний. В мае 1776 была провозглашена независимость Вирджинии. Губернатор укрылся на английском военном корабле, издав на его борту приказ об освобождении рабов в надежде на их поддержку. В июне Вирджиния первой из колоний приняла конституцию и декларацию прав граждан [Virginia Declaration of Rights]. Делегаты от Вирджинии П. Рэндолф [ Randolph, Peyton] и Р. Ли [ Lee, Richard Henry] председательствовали на первом и втором Континентальных конгрессах [ Continental Congresses]. Вирджинец Т. Джефферсон [ Jefferson, Thomas] составил текст Декларации независимости [ Declaration of Independence], а его земляк Дж. Вашингтон [ Washington, George] был назначен главнокомандующим Континентальной армии [ Continental Army]. Вирджиния внесла ощутимый вклад в победу американцев в Войне за независимость [ Revolutionary War]; основные боевые действия войны в результате Йорктаунской кампании [ Yorktown Campaign] (1781) закончились на ее территории победой американцев. 25 июня 1788 Вирджиния стала десятым по счету штатом США.English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Virginia Colony
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2 Virginia
IШтат на востоке США, в группе Южно-Атлантических штатов [ South Atlantic States]. Официальное название Содружество Вирджиния [Commonwealth of Virginia]. Площадь 110,7 тыс. кв. км. Население - 7 млн. человек (2000). Столица Ричмонд [ Richmond]. Крупнейшие города - Алегзандрия [ Alexandria], Вирджиния-Бич [ Virginia Beach], Линчберг [ Lynchburg], Норфолк [ Norfolk], Ньюпорт-Ньюс [ Newport News], Портсмут [ Portsmouth], Роанок [ Roanoke], Хэмптон [ Hampton], Чесапик [ Chesapeake]. На востоке штат имеет выход к Атлантическому океану; полуостров Делмарва [ Delmarva Peninsula] отделен от основной территории штата Чесапикским заливом [ Chesapeake Bay]. На юге граничит со штатами Северная Каролина [ North Carolina] и Теннесси [ Tennessee]; на северо-востоке со штатом Мэриленд [ Maryland], на северо-западе с Западной Вирджинией [ West Virginia], на западе с Кентукки [ Kentucky]. Восточная часть штата, включая полуостров Делмарва, представляет собой заболоченную во многих местах низменность. К западу от побережья расположено невысокое холмистое плато Пидмонт [ Piedmont Plateau], расширяющееся к границе с Северной Каролиной, и Линия водопадов [ Fall Line]. Западная часть штата лежит в районе Аппалачских гор [ Appalachian Mountains], в состав которых входят плато Камберленд [ Cumberland Plateau] и Голубой хребет [ Blue Ridge], в том числе высшая точка штата гора Роджерс [ Rogers, Mount]. Наиболее крупные реки - Потомак [ Potomac River], Раппахэннок [ Rappahannock River], Джеймс [ James River], Шенандоа [ Shenandoah River] и Роанок [ Roanoke River]. На юго-востоке штата находится заболоченный район Дисмал [ Dismal Swamp] с оз. Драммонд [Drummond, Lake] в центре. Около 2/3 территории штата покрыто лесами. Климат умеренный, влажный, с жарким летом и мягкой зимой. Важнейшие виды полезных ископаемых - уголь, камень, песок, добыча которых ведется в основном в районе Аппалачей; имеются небольшие запасы нефти и газа. Государственный сектор является ведущим источником доходов для вирджинцев: многие жители штата работают в федеральных учреждениях в Вашингтоне или связаны с вооруженными силами. В штате размещены крупные военные и военно-морские базы. Развитие промышленности, начавшееся в 1840-е, было задержано Гражданской войной [ Civil War], но ускорилось к концу века, особенно вырос объем производства после второй мировой войны. Ныне наибольшую роль играют табачная, химическая, резиновая, пищевая и машиностроительная промышленность, включая производство электрооборудования и транспортное машиностроение. Промышленность сконцентрирована в крупных городах штата. Значительную роль играет деревообработка и связанные с ней отрасли, прежде всего производство мебели. Важное место занимают также туризм и сфера услуг. К основным сельскохозяйственным культурам относятся табак, кукуруза, соя, яблоки (в долине р. Шенандоа). Более половины стоимости товарной продукции сельского хозяйства составляет продукция животноводства, в котором преобладают крупный рогатый скот и овцеводство. Развито птицеводство; округ Рокингем [Rockingham County] - ведущий в США по производству мяса индеек. Вирджиния один из лидеров в рыболовстве и добыче продуктов моря (сельдь, крабы, устрицы). В штате развитой транспорт, в том числе сеть шоссейных и железных дорог. Хэмптон-Роудс [ Hampton Roads] - один из главных портов страны. В штате находятся обслуживающие г. Вашингтон и его пригороды аэропорты: Даллеса и Национальный [ Dulles International Airport, National Airport]. Штат имеет богатую событиями историю колониального периода [ Virginia Colony]; 25 июня 1788 Вирджиния стала десятым по счету и крупнейшим из первых тринадцати штатов США [ Thirteen Colonies]. После Войны за независимость [ Revolutionary War] Вирджиния долгое время играла ведущую роль в общественно-политической жизни молодого государства, внеся свой вклад в создание его конституционных основ и дав ему восемь президентов и плеяду видных политиков (одно из официальных прозвищ [ official nickname] штата - Колыбель президентов [ Mother of Presidents]). Так называемая Вирджинская резолюция [Virginia Resolution], составленная в 1798 Дж. Мэдисоном [ Madison, James], наряду с кентуккийской [ Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions] создала почву для широкого обсуждения в стране вопроса о правах штатов [ states' rights]. Экономика сельскохозяйственного штата с преобладаем монокультуры хлопка упрочила здесь институт рабства, но после восстания под предводительством Н. Тернера [ Nat Turner's Rebellion] (1831) законодательное собрание штата было близко к отмене рабства; на западе штата традиционно были сильны аболиционистские настроения. Перед Гражданской войной одним из знаменательных событий в конфликте Севера и Юга стал поход Дж. Брауна [ Brown, John] на Харперс-Ферри (1859). 25 апреля 1861 штат официально вступил в состав Конфедерации [ Confederate States of America], а Ричмонд стал ее столицей. В 1863 от штата отделилась западная часть, которая стала самостоятельным штатом Западная Вирджиния. Вирджиния фактически стала основной ареной масштабных и кровопролитных сражений войны, в том числе битв при Бул-Ране [ Bull Run, First Battle of, Bull Run, Second Battle of], Питерсберге [Petersburg, Battles of], Фредериксберге [ Fredericksburg, Battle of], на Полуострове [ Peninsular Campaign] и в долине Шенандоа [ Shenandoah Valley Campaigns]. В ней же был положен и конец войне: 9 апреля 1865 в поселке Аппоматокс [ Appomattox Court House] генерал Р. Ли [ Lee, Robert Edward] подписал документ о капитуляции. В период Реконструкции [ Reconstruction] во главе штата стояли радикальные республиканцы [ Radical Republicans]. Вирджиния была вновь принята в состав Союза в 1870. Начиная с 1880-х власть принадлежала преимущественно консервативным демократам, занимавшим высшие посты в период 1885-1969. На протяжении нескольких десятилетий главной политической фигурой штата был его губернатор (1926-33), а затем сенатор (1933-65) от Вирджинии Г. Бирд [Byrd, Harry Flood]. 1950-е ознаменованы конфликтами с федеральными властями, вызванными сопротивлением десегрегации [ integration], которое выражалось главным образом в закрытии десегрегированных "сверху" государственных школ. Провал этого противодействия и признание неконституционным подушного избирательного налога [ poll tax] привели к изменениям результатов выборов. В 1967 впервые с 1891 в законодательное собрание штата был избран негр, а в 1969 впервые со времен Реконструкции штат возглавил губернатор-республиканец. В 1989 впервые в истории США на пост губернатора штата был избран афро-американец Л. Уайлдер [ Wilder, Lawrence Douglas]. В течение трех последних десятилетий вирджинцы преимущественно голосуют за республиканцев. Законодательное собрание корнями связано с созданной в 1619 колониальной Палатой горожан [House of Burgesses].II разгПервые плантации табака появились в колонии Вирджиния [ Virginia Colony] в начале XVII в. по инициативе Дж. Рольфа [ Rolfe, John]. Штат до сих пор лидирует по выращиванию табака и производству табачных изделий -
3 Lost Colony
ист"Исчезнувшая колония"Английское поселение у побережья Северной Каролины на о. Роанок [ Roanoke Island]. Было основано в 1587 группой из 117 поселенцев во главе с Дж. Уайтом [White, John] при покровительстве сэра Уолтера Роли [Raleigh, Sir Walter]. Когда запасы продовольствия в колонии были на исходе, Уайт отправился за помощью в Англию. Вернувшись в 1591, он обнаружил, что все колонисты исчезли, вместе с ними пропала и его трехлетняя внучка Вирджиния Дэр [Dare, Virginia] - первый ребенок, родившийся у колонистов на американский земле. По одной из версий колонию уничтожили индейцы (на одном из деревьев была обнаружена надпись "кроатан" [ Croatan]), однако никакими данными, позволяющими установить связь между этим племенем и судьбой поселенцев, ученые не располагают. Местная легенда гласит, что в начале 1600-х Вирджиния Дэр возвращалась на остров в облике неуловимого белого олененка.тж Roanoke ColonyEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Lost Colony
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4 Dale's Laws of Virginia
"Дейловские законы Вирджинии"Уголовный кодекс колониальной Вирджинии [Royal Colony of Virginia], вошедший в историю как образец узаконенной жестокости. Действовал в 1611-16. Назван по имени автора - сэра Томаса Дейла [Dale, Sir Thomas]English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Dale's Laws of Virginia
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5 Bacon's Rebellion
Крупное восстание в колонии Вирджиния [ Virginia Colony, Royal Colony of Virginia] в 1676 под предводительством плантатора Натаниела Бэкона [ Bacon, Nathaniel], направленное против английских колониальных властей, в частности, против губернатора колонии сэра У. Беркли [Berkeley, William]. Весной, после неудачных усилий Беркли по обороне границ колонии от индейцев, Бэкон провозгласил право живущих на границе колонистов сформировать собственную милицию [ militia] и возглавил борьбу с индейцами без разрешения властей, которые объявили его предателем. Повстанцы маршем прошли к Джеймстауну [ Jamestown] и захватили его 23 июня, некоторое время контролируя власть в колонии. Восстание продолжалось недолго и после смерти Бэкона от лихорадки 23 октября 1676 было быстро подавленоEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Bacon's Rebellion
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6 Smith, John
(1579?-1631) Смит, ДжонВоенный, исследователь. Основатель колонии Вирджиния [ Virginia Colony] (1607) и ее первый летописец, один из основателей Джеймстауна [ Jamestown], первого постоянного английского поселения на американской земле. В мае 1607 среди первых 105 поселенцев высадился в Америке. В декабре 1607, обследуя местность у р. Чикахомини [Chickahominy River], был захвачен индейцами-алгонкинами [ Algonquian] в плен. От смерти его спасла тринадцатилетняя дочь вождя Покахонтас [ Pocahontas]. Осенью 1608 Смит был избран председателем колониального совета Вирджинии; на этом посту он буквально спас поселенцев от голода, договорившись с индейцами о покупке у них кукурузы. В 1614 обследовал и нанес на карты побережье, которому дал название Новая Англия [ New England]. Автор многочисленных сочинений (публицистика, мемуары). Его "Правдивый рассказ о событиях в Вирджинии" ["A True Relation of Virginia"] - первая работа об Америке на английском языке, написанная в Америке. Среди других известных работ: "Карта Вирджинии" ["Map of Virginia"] (1612), "Описание Новой Англии" ["A Description of New England"] (1616), "Общая история Вирджинии, Новой Англии и Летних островов" ["General Historie of Virginia, New England and the Summer Isles"] (1624). Summer Isles - Летние острова (ныне Бермудские острова) - искаженное название группы островов, где в 1609 потерпел кораблекрушение капитан Сомерс [Somers, Sir John]. Открытые еще в 1500-е испанцем Бермудесом, острова некоторое время носили имя Сомерса - "Somers Islands"English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Smith, John
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7 witchcraft scare
ист"охота на ведьм"Преследование женщин, считавшихся колдуньями, в пуританских колониях Массачусетс [ Massachusetts Bay Colony], Коннектикут [Connecticut Colony] и Вирджиния [ Virginia Colony]. Особым изуверством отличалась кампания, организованная пуританскими лидерами Колонии Массачусетского залива, в частности К. Мэзером [ Mather, Cotton] в 1692 [ Salem Witchcraft Trials]. Были заимствованы и методы инквизиции: "ведьму" сжигали на костре; при подозрении в колдовстве женщину бросали связанной в воду, считая, что только ведьме удастся выплыть, а утонувшая была порядочной пуританкойEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > witchcraft scare
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8 Andros, Sir Edmund
(1637-1714) Андрос, сэр ЭдмундАнглийский колониальный деятель. Находясь на службе герцога Йоркского, прибыл в колонию, чтобы руководить передачей земель из голландского владения в английское. В 1674-81 - губернатор колонии Нью-Йорк и Нью-Джерси. Подписал несколько договоров с ирокезами [ Iroquois]. В 1686-88 - губернатор Доминиона Новая Англия [ Dominion of New England], конфликтовал с пуританами [ Puritans]; захвачен бостонцами и отправлен в Англию, однако вскоре вернулся. В 1692-97 - губернатор Виргинской колонии [ Virginia Colony].English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Andros, Sir Edmund
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9 Aristocrats
ист"аристократы"Крупные землевладельцы в Виргинской колонии [ Virginia Colony], которые разбогатели благодаря т.н. "табачной лихорадке" [tobacco fever]English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Aristocrats
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10 Berkeley Springs
Город [ town] на крайнем северо-востоке штата Западная Вирджиния. Расположен в 3 км к югу от р. Потомак [ Potomac River] и границы со штатом Мэриленд. 663 жителя (2000). Административный центр [ county seat] округа Морган [Morgan County] (с 1820). Целебные источники, благодаря которым городок позднее превратился в известный курорт, использовались индейцами задолго до прихода европейских колонистов. Температура воды в источнике держится на уровне 23,5° C. Поселенцы заняли землю возле источников около 1730, но в 1745 округа была включена в состав имения лорда Т. Фэрфакса [Lord Thomas Fairfax]. В 1748 Дж. Вашингтон [ Washington, George] впервые побывал у "знаменитых теплых ключей" ["ye famed warm springs"] в качестве землемера и посадил здесь вяз, сохранившийся до 50-х годов XX в.; позднее он приезжал сюда с семьей. В 1756 Фэрфакс передал источники в распоряжение колонии Вирджиния [ Virginia Colony] (в настоящее время образованными властями штата фондом и санаторием [Berkeley Springs Sanitarium Foundation]). Город образован в 1776 под названием Бат [Town of Bath] в честь знаменитого горячего источника в одноименном английском городе; название Бат до сих пор является официальным наименованием ("Беркли-Спрингс" используется в почтовой корреспонденции). Здесь в 1784 изобретатель Дж. Рамзи [ Rumsey, James] тайно продемонстрировал Вашингтону конструкцию своего парохода. Помимо обслуживания туристов, в городке также производят мебель, добывают кварц. Среди прочих достопримечательностей - парк штата Какапон [Cacapon State Park], охотничий и рыболовецкий заказник "Слип-Крик форест" [Sleep Creek Forest] (площадь - 12,1 тыс. га).English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Berkeley Springs
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11 Jamestown
Поселок на востоке штата Вирджиния, на острове Джеймстаун [ Jamestown Island], в устье р. Джеймс [ James River]. Первое постоянное поселение английских колонистов в Северной Америке, положившее начало первой английской колонии Вирджинии [ Virginia Colony]. Основано в мае 1607. Названо в честь английского короля Якова I [James I]. Из 105 колонистов 73 умерли от голода и болезней за первые семь месяцев, однако благодаря жесткой политике капитана Дж. Смита [ Smith, John], возглавившего в 1609 совет Джеймстауна, колония выжила. Поселенцы стали выращивать табак и с 1614 начали вывозить его в Англию. В 1619 Джеймстаун стал местом проведения заседания законодательного органа колоний - Совета горожан [House of Burgesses] - и до 1698 был столицей "Средней плантации" [Middle Plantation] - Вирджинии. Сейчас входит в состав Национального исторического заповедника колониальной эпохи [ Colonial National Historical Park], в котором воссозданы индейская деревня, форт, 18 строений, включая первую англиканскую церковь в Америке, жилые дома.тж устар Jamestowne -
12 Watauga Association
истСоглашение жителей поселка на р. Ватога [Watauga River] на востоке Теннесси, бывших "регуляторов" [ Regulator movement] из Северной Каролины. Заключено в 1772 с целью создания системы местного самоуправления, защиты от конокрадов и грабителей и ведения дел с племенем чероки [ Cherokee], на землях которого было создано поселение. По соглашению был создан суд, состоявший из пяти человек; ему были также приданы полномочия органа законодательной власти. Суд руководствовался в основном законами Вирджинии [ Virginia Colony]. Поселение, созданное на окраине Фронтира [ Frontier], было одним из первых на тогдашнем Дальнем Западе (после 1775 существовало под названием Округ Вашингтон [Washington District]). Его основатели, в том числе Дж. Севьер [Sevier, John] и Дж. Робертсон [Robertson, James], стояли у истоков создания органов власти в Кентукки, Теннесси, Миссури и АрканзасеEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Watauga Association
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13 Williamsburg
Город на юго-востоке штата Вирджиния, в междуречье рек Джеймс и Йорк [ James River; York River]. 11,9 тыс. жителей (2000). Туристский центр и место расположения Колледжа Вильгельма и Марии [ William and Mary College]. В 1633 здесь возникло поселение т.н. Средней плантации [Middle Plantation], которое было сначала временной (с 1698, сменив Джеймстаун [ Jamestown] в этой роли), а с 1699 и постоянной столицей Вирджинии [ Virginia Colony]. Поселение было переименовано в Уильямсберг в 1699 в честь английского короля Вильгельма III Оранского и стало общественно-политическим и культурным центром колонии, а позднее - местом многих важных событий периода борьбы за независимость; история города тесно связана с такими видными деятелями, как Дж. Вашингтон [ Washington, George], Т. Джефферсон [ Jefferson, Thomas], П. Генри [ Henry, Patrick] и др. Во время Войны за независимость [ Revolutionary War] неоднократно переходил из рук в руки. После переноса столицы в Ричмонд [ Richmond] в 1779 город постепенно утратил свое значение в жизни штата. Во время Гражданской войны [ Civil War] был захвачен северянами в результате Уильямсбергского сражения [Williamsburg, Battle of] и оставался в их руках до конца войны. Крупные реставрационные работы, начатые в 1928 при поддержке Дж. Д. Рокфеллера, мл. [ Rockefeller, John Davison, Jr.], сделали историческую часть города - Колониальный Уильямсберг [Colonial Williamsburg] - крупнейшим музеем колониального периода под открытым небом. Здесь восстановлено около 100 зданий и заново построено около 400, музейные работники и добровольцы смогли воссоздать быт колониальной эпохи. Среди достопримечательностей копия капитолия [Capitol], построенного в 1705 и сгоревшего в 1747, губернаторский дворец [Governor's Palace] (1720), таверна Роли [Raleigh Tavern] (своего рода неформальный общественно-политический клуб города), дом работы Рена [Wren Building], дома выдающихся горожан и др.English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Williamsburg
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14 Newfield, Sam
1899-1964Nacido Samuel Neufeld, hermano de Sigmund Neufeld, futuro jefe de produccion de PRC, dirige cortometrajes desde 1926, y largometrajes desde 1933. Probablemente el mas prolifico realizador norteamericano de la era sonora, dirigio, sobre todo, westerns. Por sus manos paso una parte importante de los viejos heroes del genero, en peliculas de una hora de duracion y argumentos eternamente repetidos. Solo leer su filmografia produce cierto vertigo. Establecerla rigurosamente es una tarea ardua, especialmente en lo relativo al orden cronologico estricto, por lo que en esta ocasion mas que en ninguna otra hay que entender que ese orden es susceptible de correccion. Utiliza los seudonimos de Peter Stewart y Sherman Scott. Se ha prescindido de tres aparentes largometrajes, situados al final de su carrera y obtenidos, cada uno de ellos, por super posicion de dos episodios del serial televisivo “Hawkeye and the Last of the Mohicans”. Aunque el nivel medio de los filmes de Sam Newfeld es realmente bajo, hay que citar dos curiosidades: Harlem on the Prairie (1937) esta interpretado integramente por negros, y The Terror of Tiny Town (1938), por enanos, que se mueven en decorados de tamano normal.Undercover Men. 1935. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Dominion. Charles Starrett, Adrienne Dore.Northern Frontier. 1935. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Ambassador. Kermit Maynard, Eleanor Hunt, LeRoy Mason.Code of the Mounted (Fiel a su consigna). 1935. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Ambassador. Kermit Maynard, Lilian Miles, Robert Warwick.Branded a Coward (El botin del rancho). 1935. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Supreme. Johnny Mack Brown, Billie Seward, Syd Taylor.Trails of the Wild. 1935. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Ambassador. Kermit Maynard, Billie Seward, Fuzzy Knight.Timber War. 1935. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Ambassador. Kermit Maynard, Lucille Lund, Lawrence Gray.Bulldog Courage. 1935. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Puritan. Tim McCoy, Joan Woodbury.Roarin’ Guns. 1936. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Puritan. Tim McCoy, Rosalinda Rice, Rex Lease.Border Caballero. 1936. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Puritan. Tim McCoy, Lois January, Ralph Byrd.Lightnin’ Bill Carson. 1936. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Puritan. Tim McCoy, Lois January, Rex Lease.Aces and Eights. 1936. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Puritan. Tim McCoy, Luana Walters, Rex Lease.The Lion’s Den. 1936. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Puritan. Tim McCoy, Joan Woodbury, Don Barclay.Ghost Patrol. 1936. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Puritan. Tim McCoy, Claudia Dell, Walter Miller.The Traitor. 1936. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Puritan. Tim McCoy, Frances Grant, Wally Wales.Roarin’ Lead (co-d.: Mack V. Wright). 1936. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Bob Livingston, Ray Corrigan, Max Terhune, Christine Maple.Stormy Trails. 1936. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Colony (Grand National). Rex Bell, Lois Wilde, Lane Chandler.The Gambling Terror. 1937. 53 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Johnny Mack Brown, Iris Meredith, Horace Murphy.Lightnin’ Crandall. 1937. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Bob Steele, Lois January, Frank LaRue.Trail of Vengeance. 1937. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Johnny Mack Brown, Iris Meredith.Melody of the Plains. 1937. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Spectrum. Fred Scott, Al St. John, Louise Small.Bar-Z Bad Men. 1937. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Johnny Mack Brown, Lois January.Guns in the Dark. 1937. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Johnny Mack Brown, Claire Rochelle, Syd Saylor.Gun Lords of Stirrup Basin. 1937. 53 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Bob Steele, Louise Stanley, Frank LaRue.A Lawman Is Born. 1937. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Johnny Mack Brown, Iris Meredith, Al St. John.Doomed at Sundown. 1937. 53 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Bob Steele, Lorraine Randall.Boothill Brigade. 1937. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Johnny Mack Brown, Claire Rochelle, Horace Murphy.Arizona Gunfighter. 1937. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Bob Steele, Jean Carmen, Ted Adams.Ridin’ the Lone Trail. 1937. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Bob Steele, Claire Rochelle, Charles King.Moonlight on the Range. 1937. 52 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Spectrum. Fred Scott, Al St. John, Lois January.The Fighting Deputy. 1937. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Spectrum. Fred Scott, Al St. John, Marjorie Beebe.The Colorado Kid. 1937. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Bob Steele, Marion Weldon, Karl Hackett.Harlem on the Prairie (co-d.: Jed Buell). 1937. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Associated. Herbert Jeffries, Connie Harris.Paroled To Die. 1938. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Bob Steele, Kathleen Eliot, Karl Hackett.The Ranger’s Roundup. 1938. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Spectrum (Stan Laurel Prod.) Fred Scott, Al St. John, Christine McIntyre.Thunder in the Desert. 1938. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Bob Steele, Louise Stanley, Don Barclay.Code of the Rangers. 1938. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Concord (Monogram). Tim McCoy, Judith Ford, Rex Lease.The Feud Maker. 1938. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Bob Steele, Marion Weldon, Karl Hackett.Knights of the Plains (Allende Rio Grande). 1938. 57 min. Blanco y Negro. Spectrum (Stan Laurel Prod.) Fred Scott, Al St. John, Marion Weldon.Songs and Bullets. 1938. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Spectrum (Stan Laurel Prod.) Fred Scott, Al St. John, Alice Ardell.Gunsmoke Trail. 1938. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Concord (Monogram). Jack Randall, Louise Stanley, Al St. John.Phantom Ranger. 1938. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Concord (Mono gram). Tim McCoy, Suzanne Kaaren.Desert Patrol. 1938. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Bob Steele, Marion Weldon, Rex Lease.Durango Valley Raiders. 1938. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Bob Steele, Louise Stanley, Karl Hackett.Frontier Scout. 1938. 61 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Fine Arts (Grand Natio nal). George Houston, Al St. John, Beth Marion.Lightning Carson Rides Again. 1938. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Victory. Tim McCoy, Joan Barclay, Ben Corbett.Six-Gun Trail. 1938. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Victory. Tim McCoy, Nora Lane, Ben Corbett.The Terror of Tiny Town. 1938. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Principal (Co lumbia). Billy Curtis, Little Billy Rhodes, Nita Krebs, Yvonne Moray.Trigger Pals. 1939. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Cinemart (Grand Natio nal). Art Jarrett, Lee Powell, Dorothy Faye, Al St. John.Six-Gun Rhythm. 1939. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Arcadia (Grand National). Tex Fletcher, Joan Barclay, Ralph Peters.Code of the Cactus. 1939. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Victory. Tim McCoy, Dorothy Short, Ben Corbett.Texas Wildcats. 1939. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Victory. Tim McCoy, Joan Barclay, Ben Corbett.Outlaw’s Paradise. 1939. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Victory. Tim McCoy, Joan Barclay, Ben Corbett.Straight Shooter. 1939. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Victory. Tim McCoy, Julie Sheldon, Ben Corbett.Fighting Renegade. 1939. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Victory. Tim McCoy, Joyce Bryant, Ben Corbett.Trigger Fingers. 1939. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Victory. Tim McCoy, Jill Martin (Harley Wood), Ben Corbett.Fighting Mad. 1939. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. James Newill, Sally Blane, Benny Rubin, Dave O’Brien.Flaming Lead. 1939. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Colony. Ken Maynard, Eleanor Stewart, Dave O’Brien.The Sagebrush Family Trails West (Peter Stewart). 1940. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Bobby Clark, Nina Guilbert, Earle Hodgins.Texas Renegades (Peter Stewart). 1940. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Tim McCoy, Nora Lane, Harry Harvey.Death Rides the Range. 1940. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Colony. Ken Maynard, Fay McKenzie, Raph Peters.Frontier Crusader (Peter Stewart). 1940. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Tim McCoy, Dorothy Short, Lou Fulton.Billy the Kid Outlawed (Peter Stewart). 1940. 52 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Bob Steele, Al St. John, Louise Currie.Gun Code (Peter Stewart). 1940. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Tim McCoy, Inna Gest, Lou Fulton.Marked Men (Sherman Scott). 1940. 66 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Warren Hull, Isabel Jewell.Arizona Gang Busters (Peter Stewart). 1940. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Tim McCoy, Pauline Haddon, Lou Fulton.Billy the Kid in Texas (Peter Stewart). 1940. 52 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Bob Steele, Terry Walker, Al St. John.Riders of Black Mountain (Peter Stewart). 1940. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Tim McCoy, Pauline Haddon, Ralph Peters, Rex Lease.Billy the Kid’s Gun Justice (Peter Stewart). 1940. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Bob Steele, Louise Currie, Al St. John.The Lone Rider Rides On. 1941. 61 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. George Houston, Hillary Brooke, Al St. John.Billy the Kid’s Range War (Peter Stewart). 1941. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Bob Steele, Joan Barclay, Al St. John.The Lone Rider Crosses the Rio/Across the Border. 1941. 63 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. George Houston, Roquell Verrin, Al St. John.Outlaws of the Rio Grande (Peter Stewart). 1941. 63 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Tim McCoy, Virginia Carpenter, Ralph Peters.Billy the Kid’s Fighting Pals (Sherman Scott). 1941. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Bob Steele, Phyllis Adair, Al St. John.The Lone Rider in Ghost Town. 1941. 64 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. George Houston, Alaine Brandes, Al St. John.Billy the Kid in Santa Fe (Sherman Scott). 1941. 66 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Bob Steele, Al St. John, Rex Lease.The Texas Marshal (Paul Stewart). 1941. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Tim McCoy, Kay Leslie, Art Davis, Dave O’Brien.The Lone Rider in Frontier Fury. 1941. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. George Houston, Hillary Brooke, Al St. John.The Lone Rider Ambushed. 1941. 67 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. George Houston, Maxine Leslie, Al St. John.Billy the Kid Wanted (Sherman Scott). 1941. 64 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Choti Sherwood, Al St. John.The Lone Rider Fights Back. 1941. 64 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. George Houston, Dorothy Short, Al St. John.Billy the Kid’s Round-Up (Sherman Scott). 1941. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Joan Barclay, Al St. John.Texas Manhunt (Peter Stewart). 1942. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Bill Boyd, Art Davis, Julie Duncan, Lee Powell.The Lone Rider and the Bandit. 1942. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. George Houston, Al St. John, Vickie Lester.Raiders of the West (Peter Stewart). 1942. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Bill Boyd, Art Davis, Virginia Carroll, Lee Powell.Billy the Kid Trapped (Sherman Scott). 1942. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Anne Jeffreys.The Lone Rider in Cheyenne. 1942. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. George Houston, Al St. John, Ella Neal.Rolling Down the Great Divide (Peter Stewart). 1942. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Bill Boyd, Art Davis, Wanda McKay, Lee Powell.Billy the Kid’s Smoking Guns (Sherman Scott). 1942. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Joan Barclay.Texas Justice. 1942. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. George Houston, Al St. John, Wanda McKay.Tumbleweed Trail (Peter Stewart). 1942. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Bill Boyd, Art Davis, Marjorie Manners, Lee Powell.Law and Order (Sherman Scott). 1942. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Wanda McKay.Prairie Pals (Peter Stewart). 1942. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Bill Boyd, Art Davis, Esther Estrella, Lee Powell.Border Roundup. 1942. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. George Hous ton, Al St. John, Patricia Knox.Along the Sundown Trail (Peter Stewart). 1942. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Bill Boyd, Art Davis, Julie Duncan, Lee Powell.Sheriff of Sage Valley (Sherman Scott). 1962. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Maxine Leslie.The Mysterious Rider. 1942. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Caroline Burke.Outlaws of Boulder Pass. 1942. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. George Houston, Al St. John, Marjorie Manners.Overland Stagecoach. 1942. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Robert Livingston, Al St. John, Julie Duncan.The Kid Rides Again (Sherman Scott). 1943. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Iris Meredith.Wild Horse Rustlers. 1943. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Robert Livingston, Al St. John, Lane Chandler, Linda Johnson.Fugitive of the Plains. 1943. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Maxine Leslie.Death Rides the Plains. 1943. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Robert Livingston, Al St. John, Nica Doret.Western Cyclone. 1943. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Marjorie Manners.Wolves of the Range. 1943. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Robert Livingston, Al St. John, Frances Gladwyn.Cattle Stampede. 1943. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Frances Gladwin.The Renegade. 1943. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Lois Ranson.Blazing Frontier. 1943. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Marjorie Manners.Raiders of Red Gap. 1943. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Robert Livingston, Al St. John, Myrna Dell.The Devil Riders. 1943. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Patti McCarthy.Frontier Outlaws. 1944. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Frances Gladwin.Thundering Gunslingers. 1944. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Frances Gladwin.Valley of Vengeance. 1944. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Evelyn Finley.The Drifter. 1944. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Carol Parker.Fuzzy Settles Down. 1944. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Patti McCarthy.Rustler’s Hideout. 1944. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Patti McCarthy.Wild Horse Phantom. 1944. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Elaine Morley.Oath of Vengeance. 1944. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Mady Lawrence.His Brother’s Ghost. 1945. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John.Shadows of Death. 1945. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Donna Dax.Gangster’s Den. 1945. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Sydney Logan.Stagecoach Outlaws. 1945. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Frances Gladwin.Border Badmen. 1945. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Lorraine Miller.Fighting Bill Carson. 1945. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Kay Hugues.Prairie Rustlers. 1945. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Evelyn Finley.Ligthning Raiders. 1946. 61 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Mady Lawrence.Gentlemen with Guns. 1946. 52 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Patricia Knox.Terrors on Horseback. 1946. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Patti McCarthy.Ghost of Hidden Valley. 1946. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Jean Carlin.Prairie Badmen. 1946. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Patricia Knox.Overland Riders. 1946. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Patti McCarthy.Outlaws of the Plains. 1946. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. PRC. Buster Crabbe, Al St. John, Patti McCarthy.Western Pacific Agent. 1950. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Lippert. Kent Taylor, Sheila Ryan, Robert Lowery.Three Desperate Men. 1951. 69 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Lippert. Preston Foster, Virginia Grey, Jim Davis.Skipalong Rosenbloom. 1951. 72 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Eagle Lion Classics (UA). Max Rosenbloom, Jackie Coogan, Hillary Brooke.Outlaw Women (co-d.: Ron Ormond). 1952. 75 minutos. Cinecolor. Howco (Lippert). Marie Windsor, Richard Rober.Last of the Desperados. 1955. 71 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Associated. James Craig, Margia Dean, Jim Davis.The Wild Dakotas. 1956. 71 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Associated. Bill Williams, Coleen Gray, Jim Davis.The Three Outlaws. 1956. 74 minutos. Blanco y Negro. SuperScope. Asso ciated. Neville Brand, Alan Hale, Jr., Lillian Molieri, Jeanne Carmen.Frontier Gambler. 1956. 70 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Associated. John Bromfield, Coleen Gray, Jim Davis, Margia Dean.Wolf Dog. 1958. 69 minutos. Blanco y Negro. RegalScope. Regal (Fox). Jim Davis, Allison Hayes.Flaming Frontier. 1958. 70 minutos. Blanco y Negro. RegalScope. Regal (Fox). Bruce Bennett, Paisley Maxwell, Jim Davis. -
15 North Carolina
[nɔ:rƟ ˏkærǝˊlaɪnǝ] Северная Каролина, штат на Юго-Востоке США <лат. Carol (Charles I), король Англии Карл I>. Сокращение: NC. Прозвища: «штат чернопяточников» [*Tarheel State], «старый северный» [*Old North State], «скипидарный штат» [Turpentine State]. Житель штата: северокаролинец [North Carolinian]. Столица: г. Роли [*Raleigh]. Девиз: «Лучше быть, чем казаться» (лат. *‘Esse quam videri’ — ‘To be rather than to seem’). Цветок: кизил [dogwood]. Птица: кардинал [cardinal]. Дерево: сосна [pine]. Песня: «Старый северный» [‘Old North State, The’]. Площадь: 126387 кв. км (52,669 sq. mi.) (28- е место). Население (1992): св. 6,8 млн. (10- е место). Крупнейшие города: Шарлот [*Charlotte], Гринсборо [Greensboro], Уинстон-Сейлем [Winston-Salem], Роли [Raleigh], Дёрхам [Durham]. Экономика. Основные отрасли: текстильная промышленность, машиностроение, сельское хозяйство, табачные плантации, туризм. Основная продукция: текстиль, табачные изделия, машины, электрооборудование и электроника, продукция химической промышленности, мебель, продовольствие. Сельское хозяйство. Основные культуры: табак, соя, кукуруза, арахис, сладкий картофель, фуражные зерновые культуры, овощи, фрукты. Животноводство (1991): скота — 950 тыс., свиней — 3,6 млн., кур и цыплят — 19,3 млн. Лесное хозяйство: жёлтая сосна, дуб, орех-пекан, тополь, клён. Минералы: литий, фосфаты, глины, строительный песок и гравий. Рыболовство (1992): 57,5 млн. долл. История. Ранняя история Северной Каролины неразрывно связана с историей Южной Каролины: территория была поделена на две разные колонии только в 1712. В 1585 и 1587 сэр Уолтер Рэли [Raleigh, Walter] попытался основать колонию на о-ве Роаноки [Roanoke Island]. Хотя колония просуществовала всего лишь год, поселение, основанное Рэли, считается первой английской колонией в Америке. Первая группа колонистов вернулась в Англию, вторая бесследно исчезла при загадочных обстоятельствах (1587). Посёлок стали называть «Пропавшая колония» [Lost Colony]. Среди без вести пропавших была и Вирджиния Дэр [Dare, Virginia], первый ребёнок, родившийся у англичан-иммигрантов в Америке. Постоянные поселенцы пришли из Виргинии примерно в 1660. Возмущённые действиями британских властей, они в 1775 изгнали королевского губернатора. Конгресс Северной Каролины первым проголосовал за независимость, в армию Вашингтона было отправлено 10 полков. Английские войска ген. Корнуоллиса [Cornwallis] были разбиты у г. Кингс-Маунтин [Kings Mountain] в 1780 и выбиты за пределы штата после сражения у Гилдфорд-Кортхаус [Guildford Courthouse] (1781). В период с 1815 до 1835 Северную Каролину, в отличие от других штатов, прогресс обходил стороной, она как бы пребывала в спячке, и её называли «штатом Рип Ван Винкля» [*Rip Van Winkle State]. Во время Гражданской войны (1861—65) штат присоединился к Конфедерации. В 1950—60-е гг. штат стал крупным центром борьбы за гражданские права и десегрегацию. Достопримечательности: национальные заповедники «Мыс Хаттерас» [Cape Hatteras] и «Мыс Лукаут» [Cape Lookout]; Большие Дымные горы [*Great Smoky Mountains]; автострада вдоль хребта Блу-Ридж [*Blue Ridge National Parkway]; парки Гилдфорд-Кортхаус и Мурс-Крик [Moore’s Creek]; 66 исторических мест сражений времён Войны за независимость; местечко Беннет-Плейс к северо-западу от Дёрхама, где последняя армия южан под командованием ген. Джозефа Джонстона [Johnston, Joseph] сдалась ген. Шерману [*Sherman]; форт Рэли [Ft. Raleigh], о-в Роаноки [Roanoke Is.], где 18 августа 1587 родился первый ребёнок от английских родителей в Новом Свете Вирджиния Дэр [* Virginia Dare]; Музей братьев Райт [*Wright Brothers National Memorial] в Китти-Хок [*Kitty Hawk]; Музей Карла Сэндберга [*Carl Sandberg’s home]; зоопарк Северной Каролины в Эшборо [Asheboro]. Знаменитые северокаролинцы: Грэм, Билли [*Graham, William (Billy) Franklin], проповедник; Джексон, Эндрю [*Jackson, Andrew], 7-й президент США; Джонсон, Эндрю [*Johnson, Andrew], 17-й президент США; Джордан, Майкл [*Jordan, Michael], баскетболист; Медисон, Долли [*Madison, Dolly], жена Джеймса Медисона, 4-го президента США; Мурроу, Эдвард [*Murrow, Edward, R.], журналист; Полк, Джеймс [*Polk, James K.], 11-й президент США; Вулф, Томас [*Wolfe, Thomas], писатель. Ассоциации: «штат чернопяточников» прежде всего ассоциируется с конфедератами, стойко сражавшимися за сохранение рабства в США, и с живописными Дымными горами [*Smoky Mountains]; в памяти возникают тж. попытки сэра Уолтера Рэли [Raleigh] в конце XVI в. основать английские колонии в Америке и таинственно исчезнувшая первая колония [*Lost Colony]; штат «первого полёта» [*‘State of Flight’] — здесь братья Райт [*Wright, Orville and Wibur] впервые подняли в воздух аэроплан возле посёлка Китти-Хок [*Kitty Hawk] на мысе Хаттерас [*Cape Hatteras]; штат славится табачными плантациями, сборищами ку-клукс-клановцев, позорными судилищами над борцами за гражданские права негров; в Ашвилле [Ashville] находятся знаменитые «билтморские особняки» [Biltmore mansions], здесь снимался фильм «Находясь там» [‘Being There’] о президентских выборах в США; в Северной Каролине находится тж. знаменитая Пещера летучих мышей [Bats’ Cave]США. Лингвострановедческий англо-русский словарь > North Carolina
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16 CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
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Dictionary of Brazilian Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1988.■ TRAVEL AND TOURIST GUIDES ON PORTUGAL■ Ballard, Sam, and Jane Ballard. Pousadas of Portugal: Unique Lodgings in State-owned Castles, Palaces, Mansions and Hotels. Boston: Harvard Common, 1986.■ Bridge, Ann, and Susan Lowndes Marques. The Selective Traveller in Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1968.■ Ellingham, Mark, et al. Portugal: The Rough Guide. London: Rough Guides, 2008 ed.■ Hogg, Anthony. Travellers' Portugal. London: Solo Mio, 1983.■ Kite, Cynthia, and Ralph Kite. Portuguese Country Inns & Pousadas. New York: Warner Books; Karen Brown's Country Inn Series, 1988.■ Lowndes, Susan, ed. Fodor's Portugal 1991. New York: Fodor's, 1990.■ Proença Raúl, and Sant'anna Dionísio, eds. Guía De Portugal. I. Generalidades. Lisboa E, Arredores. Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1924; 1983.■ Robertson, Ian. Portugal: Blue Guide. London: Benn; New York: Norton, 2000 and later eds.■ Stoop, Anne de. Living in Portugal. Paris and New York: Flammarion, 1995. Wright, David, and Patrick Swift. Minho and North Portugal: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1968.■. Lisbon: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1971.■. Algarve: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1973.■ HISTORY OF PORTUGAL Ancient and Medieval (2000 BCE-1415 CE)■ Alarção, Jorge de. Roman Portugal. Volume I: Introduction. Warminster, U.K., 1988.■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História de Portugal. Vol. I. Coimbra, 1922. Arnaut, Salvador Dias. A Crise Nacional dos fins do século XVI. Vol. 1. Coimbra, 1960.■ Baião, Antônio, Hernani Cidade, and Manuel Múrias, eds. História de Expansão Portuguesa no Mundo, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1937-40. Caetano, Marcello. Lições de História do Direito Português. Coimbra, 1962. Cortesão, Jaime. Os Factores Democráticos no Formação de Portugal. Lisbon, 1960.■ David, Pierre. Etudes Historiques sur la Galice et le Portugal du VI au XII siécle. Paris, 1947.■ Dias, Eduardo Mayone. Portugal's Secret Jews: The End of an Era. Rumford, R.I.: Peregrinação Publications, 1999. Diffie, Bailey W. Prelude to Empire: Portugal Overseas before Henry the Navigator. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1960. Dutra, Francis A. "Portugal: To 1279." Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Vol. X: 35-48. New York: Scribners, 1987.■. "Portugal: 1279-1481." Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Vol. X: 48-56. New York: Scribners, 1987. Gama Barros, Henrique de. História de Administração Pública em Portugal nos séculos XII à XV, 11 vols. Lisbon, 1945-51. Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães. A Economia dos Descobrimentos Henriquinos. Lisbon, 1962.■ Gonzaga de Azevedo, Luís. História de Portugal, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1939-44.■ Herculano, Alexandre. História de Portugal, 8 vols., 9th ed. Lisbon, 1940.■ Kennedy, Hugh. Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Anda-lus. London: Longman, 1996.■ Lencastre e Tavora, Luía Gonzaga. O Estudo da Sigilografia Medieval Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1990.■ Livermore, H. V. The Origins of Spain and Portugal. London: Allen & Unwin, 1971.■ Lopes, David. "Os Árabes nas obras de Alexandre Herculano." Boletim da Segunda Classe. Lisbon: Academia Real das Sciéncias, III (1909-10). MacKendrick, Paul. The Iberian Stones Speak. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1969.■ Martinez, Pedro Soares. História Diplomática De Portugal [chapter I, 114315]. Lisbon, 1986.■ Mattoso, José, ed. A Nobreza Medieval Portuguesa: A Família e o Poder. Lisbon: Estampa, 1981.■. Religião e cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1982.■. Identificaçao de um país ( ensaio sobre as orígens de Portugal), 2 vols. Lisbon: Estampa, 1985.■. Novos Ensaios de História Medieval Portuguesa. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1988.■. Historia de Portugal. Vol. 2: A Monarquia Feudal ( 1096-1480). Lisbon: Estampa, 1993.■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. Hansa e Portugal na Idade Média. Lisbon, 1959.■. Introduçao à História da Agricultura em Portugal. Lisbon, 1968.■. 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Os descobrimentos e a problemática cultural do Século XVI, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1982.■ Disney, Anthony, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães, ed. Documentos sobre a expansão portuguesa [ to 1460], 3 vols. Lisbon, 1945-54.■ Guedes, Max, and Gerald Lombardi, eds. Portugal. Brazil: The Age of Atlantic Discoveries. Lisbon: Bertrand; Milan: Ricci; Brazilian Culture Foundation, 1990. [Catalogue of New York Public Library Exhibit, Summer 1990]■ Harley, J. B., and David Woodward. The History of Cartography. Volume 1: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient and Medieval Europe and Mediterranean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.■ Leite, Duarte. História dos Descobrimentos: Colectânea de esparsos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1958-61.■ Ley, Charles. Portuguese Voyages, 1498-1663. London: Dent, 1953.■ Marques, J. Martins da Silva. Descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1944-71.■ Martyn, John R. C., ed. Pedro Nunes ( 1502-1578): His Lost Algebra and Other Discoveries. John R. C. Martyn, trans. New York: Peter Lang, 1996.■ Morison, Samuel Eliot. The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A. D. 500-1600. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.■. Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.■ Mota, Avelino Teixeira da. Mar, Além-Mar-Estudos e Ensaios de História e Geografia. Lisbon, 1972.■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Vida e Obra do Infante D. Henrique. Lisbon, 1959.■ Parry, J. H. The Discovery of the Sea. New York: Dial, 1974.■ Penrose, Boies. Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance, 1420-1620. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1952.■ Peres, Damião. História dos Descobrimentos Portugueses. Oporto, 1943.■ Prestage, Edgar. The Portuguese Pioneers. London, 1933; New York: Barnes & Noble, 1967.■ Rogers, Francis M. Precision Astrolabe: Portuguese Navigators and Transoceanic Aviation. Lisbon, 1971.■ Seary, E. R. 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Picchio, Luciana Stegagno. Storia del Teatro Portoghese. Rome: Edizinio deli' Ateneo, 1964.■ Queirós, José. Cerâmica Portuguesa, 2 vols. 2nd rev. ed. Lisbon, 1948.■ Santos, Luís Reis. Monuments of Portugal. Lisbon, 1940.■ Santos, Reinaldo dos. A Escultura em Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1948-50.■. História da Arte em Portugal. Oporto, 1953.■ Sasportes, José. História da Dança em Portugal. Lisbon, 1970. Simões, J. M. dos Santos. "Azulejos in a Land of Many Colours." Connoisseur (London) CXXXVII, 551 (1956): 15-21.■. Azulejaria em Portugal no Século X VIII. Lisbon, 1979.■ Smith, Robert C. A Talha em Portugal. Lisbon, 1963.■. The Art of Portugal, 1500-1800. London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968.■. "The Building of Mafra." Apollo 97, 134 (April 1973): 360-67.■ Stoop, Anne de. Demeures portugaises dans les environs de Lisbonne. Paris: Weber, 1986.■. Palais et manoirs: Le Minho. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1995.■ Tannock, Michael. Portuguese 20th Century Artists: A Biographical Dictionary. 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Brother Luiz de Sousa [play]. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: Elkin Mathess, 1909.■. Travels in My Homeland. John M. Parker, trans. London: Peter Owen and UNESCO, 1987. Griffin, Jonathan. Camões: Some Poems Translated from the Portuguese by Jonathan Griffin. London: Menard Press, 1976. Jorge, Lídia. The Murmuring Coast. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.■ Lisboa, Eugénio, ed. Portuguese Short Fiction. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.■ Lopes, Fernão. The English in Portugal 1367-87: Extracts from the Chronicles of Dom Fernando and Dom João. Derek W. Lomax and R. J. Oakley, eds. and trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■ Macedo, Helder, ed. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry: An Anthology in English. Helder Macedo, et al., trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet New Press, 1978.■ Martins, J. P. De Oliveira. A History of Iberian Civilization. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans.; preface by Salvador de Madariaga. New York: Cooper Square, 1969.■ Mendes Pinto, Fernão. The Travels of Mendes Pinto [Orig. title: Peregrinação].■ Rebecca D. Catz, trans., with introduction and notes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989. Miguéis, José Rodrigues. A Man Smiles at Death with Half a Face. George■ Monteiro, trans. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1991.■. Happy Easter. John Byrne, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1995.■. Steerage and Ten Other Stories. George Monteiro, ed. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1998. Monteiro, Luís De Sttau. The Rules of the Game. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Hamilton, 1965.■ Mourão-Ferreira, David. Lucky in Love. Christine Robinson, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1999. Namora, Fernando. Field of Fate. Dorothy Ball, trans. London: Macmillan, 1970.■. Mountain Doctor. Dorothy Ball, trans. London: Macmillan, 1956.■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Inclement Weather over the Channel. Francisco Cota Fagundes, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1993.■. Stormy Isles: An Azorean Tale. Francisco C. Fagundes, trans. 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Anderson, trans. London, 1882.■ Portuguese and Portuguese-American Cooking: Cuisine■ Anderson, Jean. Food of Portugal. New York: Hearst, 1994. Asselin, E. Donald. A Portuguese-American Cookbook. Rutland, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle, 1966.■ Bourne, Ursula. Portuguese Cookery. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1973. Crato, Maria Helena Tavares. Cozinha Portuguesa I, II. Lisbon: Editorial Presença, 1978.■ Dienhart, Miriam, and Anne Emerson, ed. Cooking in Portugal. Cascais: American Women of Lisbon, 1978.■ Feibleman, Peter S. The Cooking of Spain and Portugal. New York: Time-Life Books; Foods of the World, 1969.■ Koehler, Margaret H. Recipes from the Portuguese of Provincetown. Riverside, Conn.: Chatham Press, 1973. Manjny, Maite. The Home Book of Portuguese Cookery. London: Faber & Faber, 1974.■ Marques, Susan Lowndes. Good Food from Spain and Portugal. London: Muller, 1956.■ Modesto, Maria de Lourdes. Cozinha Tradicional Portuguesa. Lisbon: Verbo, 1982.■ Ortiz, Elisabeth Lambert. The Food of Spain and Portugal. The Complete Iberian Cuisine. New York: Atheneum, 1989. Pinto, Elvira. La Bonne Cuisine Portugaise. Paris: Edicions Garanciere, 1985.■ Robertson, Carol. Portuguese Cooking: The Authentic and Robust Cuisine of Portugal. Berkeley Calif.: North Atlantic, 1993. Schmaeling, Tony. The Cooking of Spain and Portugal. Ware, U.K.: Omega, 1983.■ Vieira, Édite. The Taste of Portugal. London: Robinson, 1989.■ Von Treskow, Maria. Zü Gast in Portugal: Eine Kulnarische Reise in Garten Europas. Weingarten: Kunstverlag, 1989. Wright, Carol. Portuguese Food. London: Dent, 1969.■. Self-catering in Portugal: Making the Most of Local Food and Drink. London: Croom Helm, 1986.■ Afonso, Simonetta Luz, and Angela Delaforce. Palace of Queluz— The Gardens. Lisbon, 1989.■ Araújo, Iluídio Alves de. Arte Paisagista e Arte das Jardins em Portugal. Lisbon, 1962.■ Azeredo, Francisco de. Casas Senhoriais Portuguesas. Barcelos, 1986.■ Binney, Marcus. Country Manors of Portugal. New York: Scala Books, 1987.■ Bowe, Patrick, and Nicolas Sapieha. Gardens of Portugal. New York: Scala Books and Harper and Row, 1989.■ Cane, Florence du. The Flowers and Gardens of Madeira. London, 1924.■ Cardoso, Pedro Homem, and Helder Carita. Da Grandeza das Jardins em Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.■ Carita, Helder, and Homem Cardoso. Portuguese Gardens. London: Antique Collector's Club, 1987.■ Costa, António da, and Luís de O. Franquinho. Madeira: Plantas e Floras. Funchal, 1986.■ Nichols, Rose Standish. Spanish and Portuguese Gardens. Boston, 1926.■ Pereira, Arthur D. Sintra and Its Farm Manors. Sintra, 1983.■ Sampaio, Gonçalo. Flora Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1946.■ Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1945.■ Underwood, John, and Pat Underwood. Landscapes of Madeira. London, 1980.■ Vieira, Rui. Flowers of Madeira. Funchal, 1973.■ Viterbo, Francisco Marques de Sousa. A Jardinagem em Portugal, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1906-9.■ Education, Science, Health, and Medical History■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Estudos de História, 3 vols. Coimbra, 1973-81.■. Ciência e experiência nos Descobrimentos portugueses. Lisbon, 1983.■. Para a História de Ciência em Portugal. Lisbon, 1983.■. As Navegaçoes E A Sua Projecção Na Ciência E Na Cultura. Lisbon, 1987.■ Baião, Antônio. Episódios Dramáticos da Inquisição Portuguesa, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1936-55.■ Cabreira, Antônio. Portugal nos mares e nas ciências. Lisbon, 1929. Carvalho, Rômulo de. A Astronomia em Portugal (séc. xviii). Lisbon, 1985. Fernandes, Barahona. Egas Moniz: Pioneiro de descobrimentos médicos. Lisbon, 1983.■ Gaitonde, P. D. Portuguese Pioneers in India: Spotlight on Medicine. London: Sangam Books, 1983.■ Hanson, Carl A. "Portuguese Cosmology in the Late Seventeenth Century." In Benjamin F. Taggie and Richard W. Clement, eds., Iberia & the Mediterranean, 75-85. Warrensburg: Central Missouri State University, 1989.■ Higgins, Michael H., and Charles F. S. de Winton. Survey of Education in Portugal. London, 1942.■ Hirsch, Elizabeth Feist. Damião de Góis: The Life and Thought of a Portuguese Humanist. The Hague, 1967.■ Lemos, Maximiano. Arquivos de História da Medicina Portuguesa. Several vols. Lisbon, 1886-1923. Vol. I. História da Medicina em Portugal. Doutrina e Instituições. Lisbon, 1899.■ Mira, Matias Ferreira de. História da Medicina Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1948.■ Orta, Garcia de. Colóquios dos Simples e Drogas e Cousas Medicinais da India. Conde de Ficalho, ed., 2 vols. Lisbon, 1891-95.■ Osório, J. Pereira. História e Desenvolvimento da Ciência em Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1986-89.■ Pina, Luís de. "Uma prioridade portuguesa do século XVI. João de Barros e a Dactiloscópia Oriental." Arquivo da Repartição de Antropologia Criminal IV (1936).■. "As Ciências na História do Império Colonial Português — Séculos XV a XIX." Anais de Faculdade de Ciências do Porto ( 1939-10).■. "Os Portugueses Mestres de Ciência e Metras no Estrangeiro." Actas do Congresso do Mundo Português. Lisbon, 1940.■. "A Ciência em Portugal (bosquejo Histórico)." In Secretariado Nacional da Informação, ed., Portugal: Breviário Da Pátria Para Os Portugueses Ausentes, 277-301. Lisbon, 1946.■ Richards, Robert A. C., ed. Guide to World Science: Vol. 9: Spain and Portugal, 2nd ed. Guernsey, U.K.: F. H. Books, 1974.■ Saraiva, António José. História da Cultura em Portugal, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1950-62.■ ———. "João de Barros." In Serrao, ed., Dicionário de História de Portugal 1 (1963): 307-8.■ Silvestre Ribeiro, José. História dos Establecimentos Scientíficos, Literários e Artísticos de Portugal nos Successivos Reinados da Monarchia, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1871-83.■ Veiga-Pires, J. A., and Ronald G. Grainger, eds. Pioneers in Angiography: The Portuguese School ofAngiography. Lancaster, U.K.: MTP Press, 1982.■ Walker, Timothy. "Doctors, Folk Medicine and the Inquisition: The Repression of Popular Healing in Portugal during the Enlightenment Era." Ph.D. dissertation, History Department, Boston University, 2001.■ Barbosa, Madelena. "Women in Portugal." Women's Studies International Quarterly 4 (1981): 477-80.■ Barreno, Maria Isabel, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa. Novas Cartas Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1972.■ ———. The Three Marias. New Portuguese Letters. Helen R. Lane, trans. New York: Doubleday, 1975.■ Brettell, Caroline B. We Have Already Cried Many Tears: The Stories of Three Portuguese Migrant Women. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman, 1982.■ Ferreira, Virginia. "Engendering Portugal: Social Change, State Politics, and Women's Social Mobilization." In António Costa Pinto, ed., Modern Portugal, 162-88. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.■ Goodwin, Mary. "Portuguese Feminism." Portuguese Studies Newsletter 17 (Spring-Summer 1987): 12-13.■ Lamas, Maria. As Mulheres do Meu País. Lisbon, 1948.■ "Mulheres Portuguesas e Feminismo." Análise Social [special number on Portuguese Women and Feminism] 22 (1986): 92-93.■ Osório, Ana de Castro. As Mulheres Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1905.■ Sadlier, Darlene J. The Question of How: Women Writers and New Portuguese Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood; Contributions in Women's Studies, no. 109, 1989.■ Silva, Manuela. The Employment of Women in Portugal. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications, European Communities, 1984. Velho da Costa, Maria. Maina Mendes. Lisbon, 1974.■ Vicente, Ana, and Maria Reynolds de Souza. Family Planning in Portugal. Lisbon, 1984.■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História da Igreja em Portugal. 6 vols. Coimbra, 1910-24, and Oporto, 1967-72. Alonso, Joaquim Maria. The Secret of Fátima: Fact and Legend. Cambridge, Mass.: Ravengate Press, 1979. Alves, José da Felicidade, ed. Católicos e política de Humberto Delgado à Marcelo Caetano. Lisbon, 1969. Araújo, Miguel de, ed. Dicionario político; 1; Os Bispos e a revoluçao de Abril. Lisbon, 1976. Bishko, Charles Julian. Spanish and Portuguese Monastic History 600-1300. London, Variorum Reprints, 1984.■ Blanshard, Paul. Freedom and Catholic Power in Spain and Portugal. Boston: Beacon Press, 1962.■ Boxer, C. R. The Church Militant and Iberian Expansion 1440-1770. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Church and State in Portugal: Crises of Cross and Sword." Journal of Church and State XVIII (1976): 463-90. Freire, José Geraldes. Resistência Católico ao Salazarismo-Marcelismo. Oporto, 1976.■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. John C. Banner, trans. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1962.■ IPOPE. Estudo sobre liberdade e religião em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973. Johnston, Francis. Fátima: The Great Sign. Chulmleigh, U.K.: Augustine Publications, 1980.■ Kondor, Fr. Louis. Fátima in Lucia's Own Words: Sister Lucia's Memoirs. Fatima: Postulation Center, 1976. Lourenço, Joaquim Maria. Situação jurídica da Igreja em Portugal. Coimbra, 1943.■ Mattoso, José. Religião e Cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1982. Miller, Samuel J. Portugal and Rome c. 1748-1830: An Aspect of Catholic Enlightenment. Rome: Universita Gregoriana Editrice, 1978. O'Malley, John W. The First Jesuits. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.■ Pattee, Richard. Portugal and the Portuguese World. Milwaukee, Wisc.: Bruce, 1957.■ Prestage, Edgar. Portugal: A Pioneer of Christianity. Lisbon, 1945.■ Richard, Robert. Etudes sur l'histoire morale et religieuse de Portugal. Paris: Centro Cultural de Gulbenkian, 1970.■ Robinson, Richard A. H. "The Religious Question and Catholic Revival in Portugal, 1900-1930." Journal of Contemporary History XII (1977): 345-62.■. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.■ Rodrigues, R. P. Francisco. História da Companhia de Jesus na Assistência de Portugal, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1931-50.■ Roth, Cecil. A History of the Marranos. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1932.■ Agriculture, Viticulture, and Fishing■ Abreu-Ferreira, Darlene. "The Portuguese in Newfoundland: Documentary Evidence Examined." Portuguese Studies Review 4, 1 (1995-96): 11-33.■ Allen, H. Warner. The Wines of Portugal. London: Michael Joseph, 1963.■ Barros, Afonso de. A reforma agrária em Portugal. Oeiras, 1979.■ Beamish, Huldine V. The Hills of Alentejo. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1958.■ Bennett, Norman R. "The Golden Age of the Port Wine System, 1781-1807." The International History Review XII (1990): 221-18.■ Black, Richard. "The Myth of Subsistence: Market Production in the Small Farm Sector of Northern Portugal." Iberian Studies 1, 8 (1989): 25-41.■ Bravo, Pedro, and Duarte de Oliveira. Viticulture Moderna. Lisbon, 1974.■. Vinhas e Vinhos De Portugal. Lisbon, 1979.■ Cabral, Manuel V. "Agrarian Structures and Recent Movements in Portugal." Journal of Peasant Studies 4, 5 (July 1978): 411-45.■ Cardoso, José Carvalho. A Agricultura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1973.■ Carvalho, Bento de. Guía Dos Vinhos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.■ Clarke, Robert. Open Boat Whaling in the Azores: The History and Present Methods of a Relic Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.■ Cockburn, Ernest. Port Wine and Oporto. London: Wine & Spirit, 1949. Cole, S. C. "Cod, Cod Country and Family: The Portuguese Newfoundland Fishery." Mast 3, 1 (1990): 1-29.■ Coull, James. The Fisheries of Europe. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1972.■ Croft-Cooke, Rupert. Port. London: Putnam, 1957.■. Madeira. London: Putnam, 1961.■ Delaforce, John. The Factory House at Oporto. London: Christie's Wine Publications, 1979 and later eds.■ Doel, Patricia A. Port O'Call: Memories of the Portuguese White Fleet in St. John's Newfoundland. St. John's, Newfoundland: ISER, 1992.■ Fletcher, Wyndham. Port: An Introduction to Its History and Delights. London: Bernet, 1978.■ Francis, A. D. The Wine Trade. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1972.■ Freitas, Eduardo, João Ferreira de Almeida, and Manuel Villaverde Cabral. Modalidades de penetração do capitalismo na agricultura: estruturas agrárias em Portugal Continental, 1950-1970. Lisbon, 1976.■ Gonçalves, Francisco Esteves. Portugal: A Wine Country. Lisbon, 1984.■ Gulbenkian Foundation. Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.■ Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker, 1997.■ Malefakis, Edward. "Two Iberian Land Reforms Compared: Spain, 1931-1936 and Portugal, 1974—1978." In Gulbenkian Foundation, Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.■ Moutinho, M. História da pesca do bacalhau. Lisbon: Imprensa Universitária, 1985.■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. lntrodução a história da agricultura em Portugal.■ Lisbon, 1968. Pato, Octávio. O Vinho. Lisbon, 1971.■ Pearson, Scott R. Portuguese Agriculture in Transition. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.■ Postgate, Raymond. Portuguese Wine. London: Dent, 1969.■ Read, Jan. The Wines of Portugal. London: Faber & Faber, 1982.■ Robertson, George. Port. London: Faber & Faber, 1982 ed.■ Rutledge, Ian. "Land Reform and the Portuguese Revolution." Journal of Peasant Studies 5, 1 (Oct. 1977): 79-97.■ Sanceau, Elaine. The British Factory at Oporto. Oporto, 1970.■ Simon, Andre L. Port. London: Constable, 1934.■ Simões, J. Os grandes trabalhadores do Mar: Reportagens na Terra Nova e na Groenlândia. Lisbon: Gazeta dos Caminho de Ferro, 1942.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992: Special Report. New York: Camões Center/RIIC, Columbia University, 1990.■ Stanislawski, Dan. Landscapes of Bacchus: The Vine in Portugal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970.■ Teixeira, Carlos, and Victor M. Pereira da Rosa, eds. The Portuguese in Canada: From the Seat to the City. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.■ Unwin, Tim. "Farmers' Perceptions of Agrarian Change in Northwest Portugal." Journal of Rural Studies 1, 4 (1985): 339-57.■ Valadão do Valle, E. Bacalhau: tradições históricas e económicos. Lisbon, 1991.■ Venables, Bernard. Baleia! The Whalers of Azores. London: Bodley Head, 1968.■ Villiers, Alan. The Quest of the Schooner Argus: A Voyage to the Banks and Greenland. New York: Scribners, 1951. World Bank. Portugal: Agricultural Survey. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.■ ECONOMY, INDUSTRY, AND DEVELOPMENT■ Aiyer, Srivain, and Shahid A. Chandry. Portugal and the E.E.C.: Employment and Implications. Lisbon, 1979.■ Baklanoff, Eric N. The Economic Transformation of Spain and Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1978.■. "Changing Systems: The Portuguese Revolution and the Public Enterprise Sector." ACES ( Association of Comparative Economic Studies) Bulletin 26 (Summer-Fall 1984): 63-76.■. "Portugal's Political Economy: Old and New." In K. Maxwell and M. Haltzel, eds., Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy, 37-59. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.■ Barbosa, Manuel P. Growth, Migration and the Balance of Payments in a Small, Open Economy. New York: Garland, 1984.■ Braga de Macedo, Jorge, and Simon Serfaty, eds. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981.■ Carvalho, Camilo, et al. Sabotagem Econômica: " Dossier" Banco Espírito Santo e Comercial de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Corkill, David. The Development of the Portuguese Economy: A Case of Euro-peanization. London: Routledge, 1999.■ Cravinho, João. "The Portuguese Economy: Constraints and Opportunities." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 111-65. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■ Dornsbusch, Rudiger, Richard S. Eckhaus, and Lane Taylor. "Analysis and Projection of Macroeconomic Conditions in Portugal." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 299-330. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.■ The Economist (London). "On the Edge of Europe: A Survey of Portugal." (June 30, 1981): 3-27.■. "Coming Home: A Survey of Portugal." (May 28, 1988).■. 'The New Iberia: Not Quite Kissing Cousins" [Spain and Portugal]. (May 5, 1990): 21-24.■ Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian and German Marshall Fund of the U.S., eds. II Conferência Internacional sobre e Economia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.■ Hudson, Mark. Portugal to 1993: Investing in a European Future. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit/Special Report No. 11 57/EIU Economic Prospects Series, 1989.■ International Labour Office (ILO). Employment and Basic Needs in Portugal. Geneva: ILO, 1979.■ Kavalsky, Basil, and Surendra Agarwal. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.■ Krugman, Paul, and Jorge Braga de Macedo. "The Economic Consequences of the April 25th Revolution." Economia III (1979): 455-83.■ Lewis, John R., and Alan M. Williams. "The Sines Project: Portugal's Growth Centre or White Elephant?" Town Planning Review 56, 3 (1985): 339-66.■ Makler, Harry M. "The Consequences of the Survival and Revival of the Industrial Bourgeoisie." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 251-83. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Marques, A. La Politique Economique Portugaise dans la Période de la Dictature ( 1926-1974). Doctoral thesis, 3rd cycle, University of Grenoble, France, 1980.■ Martins, B. Sociedades e grupos em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973.■ Mata, Eugenia, and Nuno Valério. História Econômica De Portugal: Uma Perspectiva Global. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1994. Murteira, Mário. "The Present Economic Situation: Its Origins and Prospects." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 331-42. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. OCED. Economic Survey: Portugal: 1988. Paris: OCED, 1988 [see also this series since 1978].■ Pasquier, Albert. L'Economie du Portugal: Données et Problémes de Son Expansion. Paris: Librarie Generale de Droit, 1961. Pereira da Moura, Francisco. Para onde vai e economia portuguesa? Lisbon, 1973.■ Pintado, V. Xavier. Structure and Growth of the Portuguese Economy. Geneva: EFTA, 1964.■ Pitta e Cunha, Paulo. "Portugal and the European Economic Community." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 321-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■. "The Portuguese Economic System and Accession to the European Community." In E. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 281-300. Lisbon, 1985. Porto, Manuel. "Portugal: Twenty Years of Change." In Alan Williams, ed., Southern Europe Transformed, 84-112. London: Harper & Row, 1984. Quarterly Economic Review. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1974-present.■ Salgado de Matos, Luís. Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973 and later eds.■ Schmitt, Hans O. Economic Stabilisation and Growth in Portugal. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1981.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Columbia University, 1989.■ Tillotson, John. The Portuguese Bank Note Case [ 1920s]: Legal, Economic and Financial Approaches to the Measure of Damages in Contract. Manchester, U.K.: Faculty of Law, University of Manchester, 1992.■ Tovias, Alfred. Foreign Economic Relations of the Economic Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1990.■ Valério, Nuno. A moeda em Portugal, 1913-1947. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1984.■. As Finanças Públicas Portuguesas Entre As Duas Guerras Mundiais. Lisbon: Cosmos, 1994.■ World Bank. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978 and to the present.■ PHOTOGRAPHY ON PORTUGAL■ Alves, Afonso Manuel, Antônio Sacchetti, and Moura Machado. Lisboa. Lisbon, 1991.■ Antunes, José. Lisboa do nosso olhar; A look on Lisbon. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1991. Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: Batsford, 1943.■. Lisboa 1942: Cecil Beaton, Lisbon 1942. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.■ Bottineau, Yves. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1957.■ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. 7 Olhares ( Seven Viewpoints). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1998.■ Capital, A. Lisboa: Imagens d'A Capital. Lisbon: Edit. Notícias, 1984.■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Photographias de Lisboa, 1900 ( Photographs of Lisbon, 1900). Lisbon: Quimera, 1991.■. Os melhores postais antigos de Lisboa ( The best old postcards of Lisbon). Lisbon: Químera, 1995.■ Finlayson, Graham, and Frank Tuohy. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.■ Glassner, Helga. Portugal. Berlin-Zurich: Atlantis-Verlag, 1942. Hopkinson, Amanda, ed. Reflections by Ten Portuguese photographers. Bark-way, U.K.: Frontline/Portugal 600, 1996.■ Lima, Luís Leiria, and Isabel Salema. Lisboa de Pedra e Bronze. Lisbon, 1990.■ Martins, Miguel Gomes. Lisboa ribeirinha ( Riverside Lisbon). Lisbon: Arquivo Municipal, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1994. Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa ( This Lisbon). Lisbon: Caminho, 1994. Wohl, Hellmut, and Alice Wohl. Portugal. London: Frederick Muller, 1983.■ EQUESTRIANISM■ Andrade, Manoel Carlos de, Luz da Liberal e Nobre Arte da Cavallaria. Lisbon, 1790.■ Graciosa, Filipe. Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre. Lisbon, 2004.■ Horsetalk Magazine. Published in New Zealand.■ Oliveira, Nuno. Reflections on the Equestrian Art. London, 2000.■ Russell, Eleanor, ed. The Truth in the Teaching of Nuno Oliveira. Stanhope,■ Queensland, Australia, 2003. Vilaca, Luis V., and Pedro Yglesias d'Oliveira, eds. LUSITANO. Coudelarias De Portugal. O Cavalo ancestral do Sudoeste da Europa. Lisbon: ICONOM, 2005.■ Websites of interest: www.equestrian.pt portugalweb.comHistorical dictionary of Portugal > CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
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17 North Carolina
Штат на востоке США в группе Южно-Атлантических штатов [ South Atlantic States]. Граничит с Южной Каролиной [ South Carolina] и Джорджией [ Georgia] на юге, с Теннесси [ Tennessee] на западе, с Вирджинией [ Virginia] на севере; на востоке имеет выход к Атлантическому океану. Площадь 136,4 тыс. кв. км. Население 8 млн. человек (2000). Столица г. Роли [ Raleigh]. Крупные города: Шарлотт [ Charlotte], Гринсборо [ Greensboro], Уинстон-Сейлем [ Winston-Salem], Фейетвилл [ Fayetteville] и Уилмингтон [ Wilmington]. Один из первых 13 штатов [ Thirteen Colonies]. Восточная часть штата расположена на ровной заболоченной Приатлантической низменности [Atlantic Coastal Plain], у побережья - цепь островов. По берегу заливы Онслоу [Onslow Bay], Албемарл [ Albemarle Sound], лагуна Памлико [ Pamlico Sound] и др. Западная часть лежит в пределах холмистого плато Пидмонт [ Piedmont Plateau] (высота до 400 м) и Аппалачей [ Appalachian Mountains, Great Smoky Mountains, Blue Ridge] (высшая точка - гора Митчелл [ Mitchell, Mount]). Важнейшие полезные ископаемые: литий, камень, фосфаты. На побережье климат умеренный, теплый, влажный; на плато Пидмонт субтропический, в горах - умеренный, с холодными зимами. Летом случаются ураганы. В 1524 побережье Северной Каролины было исследовано Дж. да Верразано [ Verrazano, Giovanni da]. Первые английские колонисты, посланные сюда бароном У. Роли [Raleigh, Walter], дважды пытались создать поселения на о. Роанок [ Roanoke Island] (в 1585 и 1587), но следы их колонии бесследно исчезли [ Lost Colony]. В 1587 здесь родилась Вирджиния Дэр [Dare, Virginia] - первый ребенок, родившийся у колонистов на американской земле. В 1653 постоянные поселения были основаны выходцами из Вирджинии на берегах рек Роанок [Roanoke River] и Чоуван [Chowan River]. Колония была создана в 1663, получила статус королевской колонии в 1729. Ранняя история Северной Каролины богата событиями, среди которых несколько крупных восстаний поселенцев против губернатора колонии, в том числе под предводительством Кульпепера [Culpeper's Rebellion] (1677) и Кэри [Cary Rebellion] (1708), конфликт с индейцами тускарора [ Tuscarora, Tuscarora War]. В период Войны за независимость [ Revolutionary War] на территории штата произошло несколько незначительных столкновений [ Moore's Creek Bridge, Battle at], но многие местные жители участвовали в ополчении и боролись за независимость на территории других колоний. Северная Каролина первой среди колоний поручила своим делегатам проголосовать за независимость, в 1789 Северная Каролина ратифицировала Конституцию США [ Constitution, U.S.] и стала 12-м по счету штатом. Во время Гражданской войны [ Civil War] штат присоединился к Конфедерации [ Confederate States of America] (1861), хотя здесь были довольно сильны идеи сохранения Союза [ Union] и отмены рабства. В 1950-60-е штат стал крупным центром движения за гражданские права [ civil rights movement] и десегрегацию, в 1960 в Гринсборо началось общенациональное движение "сит-ин" [ sit-in]. Подъемы промышленного развития штата приходятся на начало XX в. и первое десятилетие после второй мировой войны. Ныне Северная Каролина занимает ведущие позиции по производству мебели, табака, кирпича, текстиля. Промышленность отличается значительной степенью диверсификации, важную роль в ней играет производство химикатов, электроники, металлоизделий. Основные виды продукции сельского хозяйства: табак, хлопок, кукуруза, арахис. В животноводстве преобладает мясное направление. Текстильные предприятия в последнее время испытывают сложности со сбытом продукции, что вызвало закрытие нескольких крупных заводов. В Северной Каролине, богатой достопримечательностями, развит туризм, ежегодно приносящий до 1 млрд. долларов. Прирост населения в период только 1970-86 составил около 25 процентов, а процессы урбанизации быстро меняют облик штата. Избиратели штата традиционно поддерживают Республиканскую партию [ Republican Party].English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > North Carolina
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18 settle
1. I1) the dust settled пыль улеглась; the weather has settled погода установилась; I'll wait until the class settles я подожду, пока класс успокоится; stand beer то settle дайте пиву отстояться; let coffee-grounds settle пусть кофе отстоится; the dregs settled and the wine was clear выпал осадок, и вино стало прозрачным2) the soil (the earth, the road bed, the grounds, etc.) settled почва и т.д. осела; the house settled дом дал осадку3) I can't make up my mind where to settle не могу решить, где мне обосноваться /поселяться/2. II1) settle at some time the weather has settled at last погода наконец установилась2) settle in some manner the end of that wall settled a bit та часть стены немного осела3) settle in some manner I can't settle finally till I find a roomy house я не могу окончательно устроиться, пока не найду просторного дома3. III1) settle smth. settle the day (the date of one's return, the pattern of smth., the price, the time, etc.) договориться о дне и т.д., назначить день и т.д.; what have you settled? что вы решили?, о чем вы договорились?, на чем вы остановились?; settle the boundary (one's route. the existence or non-existence of smth., the succession to a throne, etc.) установить границу и т.д.; settle a problem (a matter, one's differences, a quarrel, an argument, etc.) урегулировать /улаживать, разрешать/ вопрос и т.д.; that '-в it (the matter, the question, etc.) это решает дело и т.д.; settle difficulties (smb.'s hesitations, smb.'s doubts, etc.) разрешать трудности и т.д.; settle smb.'s scruples успокоить чью-л. совесть; settle one's affairs приводить свои дела в порядок, улаживать свои дела; settle the future (the fate) of the country определить будущее (судьбу) страны2) settle smth. the rain settled the dust дождь прибил пыль; а good thunderstorm would settle the weather после хорошей грозы погода наладится; settle smb.'s nerves (a heated imagination, smb.'s thoughts, etc.) успокаивать чьи-л. нервы и т.д.; his words settled our fears его слова сняли наши страхи; it settled my stomach от этого у меня улеглась тошнота; settle smb. a sharp word will settle that youngster coll. резкое замечание приведет этого юнца в чувство; his argument settled his opponent его довод убедил противника /заставил противника согласиться/; that will settle her all right coll. это ей наука /урок/; I'll soon settle him! coll. погоди, я ему покажу!3) settle smth. settle Canada (Kent, Plymouth, etc.) заселить Канаду и т.д.; who first settled America? кто были первые поселенцы в Америке?4) settle smth. settle a bill /an account/ (a debt, a balance, etc.) оплатить счет и т.д., заплатить по счету и т.д.; that settles old scores теперь мы расквитались4. IV1) settle smth. in some manner settle smth. peacefully (privately, satisfactorily, traditionally, voluntarily, etc.) урегулировать /улаживать/ что-л. мирно / мирным путем/ и т.д.; settle a question once and for all разрешить вопрос раз и навсегда; settle it any way you like улаживайте это как хотите; settle the price quickly (immediately, etc.) быстро и т.д. договориться о цене2) settle smb. in some manner he quickly settled the crowd он быстро успокоил толпу3) settle smth. at some time settle smth. regularly (annually, etc.) регулярно и т.д. оплачивать что-л.: he settled his bills monthly он ежемесячно платил по счетам5. XI1) be settled in some manner be settled privately (satisfactorily, amicably, irrevocably, unalterably, etc.) решаться /улаживаться/ частным порядком и т.д.; the date (the price, the time, etc.) has not been settled yet дата и т.д. еще не установлена; there is nothing settled yet еще ничего не решено; it will be settled somehow это как-нибудь уладится; the affair is settled and done with дело окончательно решено [и с ним покончено]; your appointment is as good as settled ваше назначение фактически уже состоялось; the bargain has not yet been definitely settled сделка еще окончательно не заключена; the matter (the dispute) has been settled to the relief of everybody дело уладилось к всеобщему облегчению2) be settled in some place Englishmen were settled in Virginia англичане осели в Виргинии; we are settled in our new home мы уже устроились в нашем новом доме; be settled by /with / smb. Virginia was settled by /with/ Englishmen Виргинию заселили англичане; be settled in some manner these are sparcely settled regions это очень мало населенные районы;3) be settled all legitimate claims will be settled все законные требования будут удовлетворены; be settled at some time the account /the bill/ is not yet settled счет еще не оплачен4) be settled upon smb. the throne was settled upon his heirs трон был завещан его наследникам6. XIIIsettle to do smth. we had settled to start yesterday but were prevented мы решили /договорились/ выехать вчера, но нам помешали; settle what to say (what, to take, what is to be done, who plays who, etc.) решать /договариваться/, что сказать и т.д.7. XVI1) settle (up)on smth. settle upon the day of departure (on a time for leaving, on the terms of a contract, on a plan of action, etc.) договориться о дне отъезда и т.д.; what have you settled on? как вы договорились?, на чем порешили?; he helped me to settle on which car to buy он помог мне решить, какую выбрать машину; settle for smth. settle for a compromise пойти на компромисс; I would settle for t 100 меня устроят /я соглашусь на/ сто фунтов || settle out of court договориться /помириться/ до суда, не доводить дело до суда2) settle in some place settle in South Africa (in England, in London, in Australia, etc.) a) поселиться в Южной Африке и т.д.; б) заселить Южную Африку и т.д.; settle in the country (in town, on one's estate, on the land, in distant lands, etc.) поселиться /обосноваться/ в деревне и т.д.; settle in a cottage (in a new house, etc.) поселиться /устроиться/ в коттедже и т.д.3) settle on smth., smb. a bird settled on a bough (on a branch, on a tree, etc.) птичка села на ветку и т.д.; the show settled on the branches снег покрыл ветви [деревьев]; the last rays of the sun settled for a moment on the mountain peak последние лучи солнца на мгновение осветили вершину горы; the inflammation settled on his lungs у него воспаление легких; the cold has settled on my chest у меня заложило грудь; silence (gloom, darkness, etc.) settled on the wood тишина и т.д. окутала лес; despair settled on the crowd отчаяние охватило толпу4) settle to smth. settle to the bottom осесть на дно; wait until the tea leaves settle to the bottom подождите, пока чаинки не осядут на дно: the boat settled to the bottom of the river лодка затонула /погрузилась на дно реки/; settle out of smth. the solids will settle out of the liquid из жидкости выпадут твердые вещества [в виде осадка]5) settle to smth. settle to one's work (to dinner, to reading, etc.) приступить к работе и т.д., приняться за работу и т.д.; settle in /to/ smth. settle in the practice of law посвятить себя юриспруденции; at last he settled to trade наконец он остепенился и занялся торговлей6) settle for smb. will you settle for me? вы заплатите за меня?; settle with smb., smth. settle with one's creditors (with the bank, etc.) рассчитаться /расплатиться/ с кредиторами и т.д.; I have an account to settle with you я должен с вами рассчитаться; settle with smb. for smth. I told you that I should settle with you for your cruelty! я говорил вам, что рассчитаюсь с вами за вашу жестокость!8. XXI11) settle smth. among /between /smb. settle the matter among /between/ ourselves уладить /урегулировать/ дело между собой; settle smth. by smth. settle the issue by vote решать спорный вопрос голосованием; settle a controversy by mutual concession решать спор при помощи взаимных уступок; settle smth. upon (in, etc.) smth. settle the matter upon a sound basis решать вопрос на разумной основе; settle a thing in one's heart решить что-л. в душе || settle the matter out of court решить /не доводить/ дело до суда2) settle smth. with smb. settle Australia with English people (this colony with army veterans, Ulster with families from Scotland, etc.) заселять Австралию англичанами и т.д.; settle smb. in some place settle them in urban area размещать /расселять/ их в городских районах; she went to settle her son in his new quarters она поехала устраивать сына на новом-месте3) settle smb., smth. in (to) (on, under, etc.) smth. settle her into a chair (on a seat, in a corner, in the saddle, on pillows, under the shade of a tree, etc.) [удобно] устраивать ее в кресле /усаживать ее в кресло/ и т.д.; settle the plant's roots well into the ground посадить корни глубоко в землю; settle one's hat on one's head натянуть шапку на голову; settle smth. in smth. settle one's feet in the stirrups вдеть ноги в стремена; settle smb. for smth. settle a invalid (a child) for the night устроить больного (ребенка) на ночь; she settled herself for a nap она уселась /устроилась/ поудобнее, чтобы вздремнуть; settle smb. to smth. she settled herself to her work она уселась /устроилась/ и принялась за работу4) settle smth. (up)on smb. settle one's property (all one's money, one's estate, an annuity, etc.) (up)on smb. завещать всю собственность и т.д. кому-л.; her husband settled quite a sum on her муж обеспечил ее крупной суммой (денег)5) settle smb. in smth. settle one's son (a young man, etc.) in business (in trade. etc.) пристроить своего сына и т.д. к делу и т.д.; settle smb. by smth. settle a daughter by marriage устроить дочь, выдав ее замуж6) settle smth. with smb., smth. settle accounts with smb. (the bill with the hotel, etc.) платить кому-л. по счету и т.д. -
19 Delaware
I 1.1) делавары, (ленни-)ленапыГруппа индейских племен долины р. Делавэр [ Delaware River] и соседних территорий, в 1600 насчитывала 8-10 тыс. человек. В 1990 в США было 9,3 тыс. человек, из них в Оклахоме - 2,9 тыс. (зарегистрированные делавары [Registered Delaware] - основная часть племени, живущая на северо-востоке штата среди чероки [ Cherokee], переселившаяся сюда в 1867 из Канзаса; делавары западной Оклахомы [Delaware Indian Tribe of Western Oklahoma] - около 0,5 тыс. человек, объединены с племенами кэддо [ Caddo] и вичита [ Wichita], вместе с которыми они поселились на р. Уошито [ Washita River] в 1859 и ныне владеют там 257 кв. км земли; отделившиеся делавары [Absentee Delaware]); в Висконсине [ Munsee], в Нью-Джерси - 1,35 тыс. человек на северо-востоке штата; и около 1 тыс. человек в Канаде2) делавар2.Относится к алгонкинской группе [ Algonquian].IIШтат в группе Южно-Атлантических штатов [ South Atlantic States]. Площадь - 5,3 тыс. кв. км. Население - 783,6 тыс. человек (2000). Столица - Довер [ Dover]. Крупнейшие города - Уилмингтон [ Wilmington], Ньюарк [ Newark], Милфорд [Milford]. Расположен на северо-востоке полуострова Делмарва [ Delmarva Peninsula], граничит с Мэрилендом [ Maryland] на юге и западе, с Пенсильванией [ Pennsylvania] на севере. Большая часть штата находится на Приатлантической низменности [Coastal plain]. На северо-западе - холмистая местность Пидмонт [Piedmont]. Главная река - Делавэр [ Delaware River], протекающая вдоль восточной границы штата, в котором имеется множество мелких речушек и озер. Теплый умеренный и влажный климат с мягкой зимой и жарким летом. Делавэр входил в число Тринадцати колоний [ Thirteen Colonies], стал первым штатом, ратифицировавшим Конституцию США [ Constitution, U.S.]. Г. Хадсон [ Hudson, Henry] под голландским флагом открыл эти земли в 1609. Капитан Сэмюэл Арголл [Argoll, Samuel] обследовал р. Делавэр в 1610 и назвал ее в честь барона де Лавэрра [ De La Warr, Thomas West, Baron], бывшего в то время губернатором Вирджинии [Royal Colony of Virginia]. Голландцы основали здесь поселение, пришедшее в упадок к 1631. Шведы основали в 1638 форт Кристина [Fort Christina] на месте современного Уилмингтона, но Новая Швеция [ New Sweden] распалась в 1655 под натиском голландцев во главе с губернатором Новых Нидерландов [ New Netherland] П. Стайвесантом [ Stuyvesant, Peter]. Англичане присвоили эти земли в 1664, и они были включены в состав Пенсильвании в 1682 как три южных округа [Three Counties]. После 1704 Делавэр обладал частичной автономией, и его граждане принимали активное участие в Американской революции [ War of Independence]. Штат процветал в первые годы независимости США. Основной отраслью промышленности была мукомольная. В 1802 Э. И. Дюпон [ Du Pont de Nemours, Eleuthere Irenee] построил у Уилмингтона пороховой завод, заложив тем самым основу будущей химической промышленности. Несмотря на то, что Делавэр в период Гражданской войны [ Civil War] оставался рабовладельческим штатом, он не вышел из Союза [ Union]. Влияние квакеров [ Quakers] способствовало освобождению многих рабов уже к 1860. Начиная с первой мировой войны, в штате шел постоянный процесс урбанизации и индустриализации - огромная роль в этом процессе принадлежала семье Дюпонов. В 70-80-е гг. XX в. начался процесс перемещения населения в пригороды [ suburb]. До 1920 сельское хозяйство доминировало в экономике штата, сегодня играет относительно второстепенную роль (бройлеры, соевые бобы, овощи, молочные продукты). Ведущую роль играет химическая промышленность. Налоги на деятельность корпораций крайне низкие [ Delaware corporation], что способствует привлечению многих фирм, зарегистрированных, но не работающих в штате.
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